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Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand, like the electricity grid.

Cloud computing is a natural evolution of the widespread adoption of virtualization, Service-oriented architecture and utility computing. Details are abstracted from consumers, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption, and delivery model for IT services based on the Internet, and it typically involves over-the-Internet provision of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources. It is a byproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote computing sites provided by the Internet.This frequently takes the form of web-based tools or applications that users can access and use through a web browser as if it were a program installed locally on their own computer.NIST provides a somewhat more objective and specific definition here.The term "cloud" is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the cloud drawing used in the past to represent the telephone network, and later to depict the Internet in computer network diagrams as an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it represents.Typical cloud computing providers deliver common business applications online that are accessed from another Web service or software like a Web browser, while the software and data are stored on servers.

Most cloud computing infrastructures consist of services delivered through common centers and built on servers. Clouds often appear as single points of access for consumers' computing needs. Commercial offerings are generally expected to meet quality of service (QoS) requirements of customers, and typically include service level agreements (SLAs).The major cloud service providers include Amazon, Salesforce and Google. Some of the larger IT firms that are actively involved in cloud computing are Fujitsu, Microsoft, Hewlett Packard, IBM,VMware, HCL, NetApp and Dell.

Grid computing

Grid computing is a term referring to the combination of computer resources from multiple administrative domains to reach a common goal. The Grid can be thought of as a distributed system with non-interactive workloads that involve a large number of files. What distinguishes grid computing from conventional high performance computing systems such as cluster computing is that grids tend to be more loosely coupled, heterogeneous, and geographically dispersed. Although a grid can be dedicated to a specialized application, it is more common that a single grid will be used for a variety of different purposes. Grids are often constructed with the aid of general-purpose grid software libraries known as middleware.
Grid size can vary by a considerable amount. Grids are a form of distributed computing whereby a “super virtual computer” is composed of many networked loosely coupled computers acting together to perform very large tasks. Furthermore, “Distributed” or “grid” computing in general is a special type of parallel computing that relies on complete computers (with onboard CPUs, storage, power supplies, network interfaces, etc.) connected to a network (private, public or the Internet) by a conventional network interface, such as Ethernet. This is in contrast to the traditional notion of a supercomputer, which has many processors connected by a local high-speed computer bus

Comparison of grids and conventional supercomputers

“Distributed” or “grid” computing in general is a special type of parallel computing that relies on complete computers (with onboard CPUs, storage, power supplies, network interfaces, etc.) connected to a network (private, public or the Internet) by a conventional network interface, such as Ethernet. This is in contrast to the traditional notion of a supercomputer, which has many processors connected by a local high-speed computer bus.

The primary advantage of distributed computing is that each node can be purchased as commodity hardware, which, when combined, can produce a similar computing resource as multiprocessor supercomputer, but at a lower cost. This is due to the economies of scale of producing commodity hardware, compared to the lower efficiency of designing and constructing a small number of custom supercomputers. The primary performance disadvantage is that the various processors and local storage areas do not have high-speed connections. This arrangement is thus well-suited to applications in which multiple parallel computations can take place independently, without the need to communicate intermediate results between processors. The high-end scalability of geographically dispersed grids is generally favorable, due to the low need for connectivity between nodes relative to the capacity of the public Internet.

There are also some differences in programming and deployment. It can be costly and difficult to write programs that can run in the environment of a supercomputer, which may have a custom operating system, or require the program to address concurrency issues. If a problem can be adequately parallelized, a “thin” layer of “grid” infrastructure can allow conventional, standalone programs, given a different part of the same problem, to run on multiple machines. This makes it possible to write and debug on a single conventional machine, and eliminates complications due to multiple instances of the same program running in the same shared memory and storage space at the same time

Internet Browsing through Notepad

We can access internet through Notepad or wordpad without internet Explorer or mozilla.
open notepad then select Help> Help topics? after clicking the help topics you can see a yello Question (?) mark on left top of the new notepad window. Right click on the Question mark select "jump to url..." then type the address which site you want to access
eg: http://www.google.com/ (http:// is must)

When we try to open any application it will ask for open with window and giving the error �c:\windows\system32\rundll32.exe�application not found

Problem  When we try to open any application it will ask for open with window and giving the error �c:\windows\system32\rundll32.exe�application not found .If we try to open any application, same error is coming. Mainly executable files are not working such as cmd.exe, msconfig.exe.


 Solution
1. Go to command prompt by giving Start 􀃆Run􀃆Command (Because cmd will not work )

 2. Give command c:\>ftype exefile=�%1� %* and enter.

 3. It will display the same in next line ,Now it is set

 4. After executing this command, your problem will be solved and all the exe files will be getting opened without any problem.

 5. That rundll32.exe error also disappeared The above command will be resetting the following registry keys HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\exefile\shell\open\command HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\exefile\shell\runas\command